Forty two years ago today, a catalogue of errors led to the crash of a KLM flight and a Pan Am flight, which resulted in changes to air traffic safety
TODAY, March 27, marks the 42nd anniversary of the deadliest incident in aviation history, also known as the Tenerife Airport Disaster.
On this day in 1977, a KLM flight and a Pan Am flight collided on the tarmac at the Spanish airport, resulting in the deaths of 583 people.
KLM flight 4805, carrying 248 passengers and crew, was attempting to take off from the same runway where Pan Am flight 1736, which had 396 people on board, was taxiing.
Due to bad weather, the pilots on the two planes were unable to see each other from a distance and were relying on air traffic control to guide them.
The error was only spotted when the KLM flight was just 2,000ft away from the Pam Am plane - but it was already too late.
Seconds before crashing, Pan Am pilot Victor Grubbs was recorded saying: "Look at him! Goddamn, that son of a bitch is coming!"
Despite both aircraft attempting to avoid each other, with the Pan Am plane veering sharply onto the grass and the KLM Boeing 747 pulling up, they were unable to avoid the collision.
The KLM aircraft's undercarriage and engines hit the top of the Pan Am plane at speed, resulting in a catastrophic crash.
Pan Am co-captain Robert Bragg, who died in 2017, told in 2016: "When he hit us, it was a very soft boom.
"I then looked up for the fire control handles and that's when I noticed the top of the aeroplane was gone."
Robert managed to escape along with a number of other lucky survivors.
He explained: "I jumped to the ground, 40 feet from the cockpit and thanked the lord I landed on grass.
"One poor lady jumped first and everyone else jumped on her, broke her back and both legs and both arms."
After five minutes, the fuel tank blew up, sending flames "250 feet in the air," as the aircraft fell apart.
Passengers Warren Hopkins and his wife Caroline were on the Pan Am flight, and to Jon Ziomek for his new book Collision on Tenerife: The How and Why of the World's Worst Aviation Disaster.
Despite bleeding from his head, Warren jumped from the plane, severing two tendons in his foot, while Caroline also jumped and broke the bones in her shoulder.
Another passenger, Joani Feathers, how she saw a Pan Am crew member decapitated by the explosion while trying to escape.
They were just some of the 61 people to survive the crash; none of the KLM passengers or crew survived.
The collision of the two planes was attributed to a number of issues.
Earlier that day, a bomb explosion at Gran Canaria Airport that injured eight people, followed by a second bomb threat by the Canary Islands Independence Movement, led to extra planes being diverted to the airport in Tenerife.
With a large number of aircraft landing, the entrance to the main runway was blocked.
It meant that planes were forced to taxi on the runway itself, before making a 180 degree turn to take off.
It was also a foggy day, meaning a much lower visibility for pilots.
Because of this, Pan Am missed their assigned turn off at exit three and taxied to exit four instead, keeping them on the runway for much longer than expected.
However, what was also factored in the final incident report were the key phrases used by pilots and air traffic control which caused confusion and misunderstanding.
The explained that there was a breakdown in communication due to the ambiguous use of the words "okay" and "take off", as well as the different accents and languages involved.
The report gives an example of the problem this caused during the incident: "The controller then said, "Okay (pause) stand by for takeoff, I will call you."
"On the KLM CVR, the portion of this transmission following the word 'okay' is overlayed by a high pitched squeal, and the tone of the controller's voice is somewhat distorted, though understandable."
The report said: "We believe that nothing after the word 'okay' passed the filters of the Dutch crew, thus they believed the controller's transmission approved their announced action in taking off."
Pilots are now required to learn "radiotelephony", also known as Aviation English, which features roughly 300 words and instructions on when and how to use them.
Roger, for example, means message received - but it doesn't mean the receiver understands the instruction, or that they are planning to comply.
Instead, a pilot might say Roger and then repeat the instruction back to the ATC to make sure both sides are clear on the situation - or they could say Roger and explain why they can't follow the instruction or if they don't understand.
Pilots only confirm that they will follow the instructions given when they say Wilco (for will comply).
Words that have ambiguous meanings such as "okay", which could be misinterpreted, are not part of Aviation English.
Another issue that was highlighted was the authority in the cabin - the co-pilot on the KLM flight was relatively junior and didn't have the authority to challenge the captain's decisions in the cabin.
So when he highlighted a possible miscommunication, .
Since then, the co-pilots, and even the crew, have been given greater power to challenge the captain's decisions.
The accident, the worst of its kind in history, now forms an essential part of a pilot's training.
Today, air crash investigators generally look at a number of different things to determine what happened.
One of the most important elements however is the black box.
Sun Online Travel previously revealed an estimate of the survival rates of plane crashes and things that passengers could do to increase their chances of survival in the event of a crash.
