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HUMAN eggs harvested from female slaves held captive like battery hens - it sounds like the plot for a dystopian sci-fi movie.

But experts are warning that organised crime groups are now making millions of pounds from trafficking fertile women so they can cash in on our desperation to make babies in the IVF age.

Press conference with trafficked women.
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Three women, wearing surgical masks, were rescued from a human egg farm in Georgia last monthCredit: Thai PBS World
Photo of a room where trafficked women were held captive.
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The trafficked women were 'treated like cattle' at the hidden farmCredit: Thai PBS World
A distressed woman sits with her head in her hands.
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Criminals are making millions of pounds from trafficking fertile womenCredit: Getty

Our probe comes after three women escaped a human egg farm in Georgia, eastern Europe, where they were kept in horrifying conditions, fed hormones and treated like cattle by a Chinese gang.

And campaigners have given evidence to the House of Lords stating: “There is now a global trade in babies, eggs and embryos, operating around the world and involving thousands of children, and tens of thousands of eggs and embryos, every year.”

Diana Thomas, CEO and Founder of The World Egg and Sperm Bank, says the UK is being “flooded” with eggs taken from vulnerable women in Third World countries.

She adds that British customers are often duped into believing the eggs are ethically sourced when the reality could not be more different.

She explained: “It's all a lie. They're marketing to the Western market (and shown) how to amend their profile to make them look like educated white middle-class women so that people in the Western world don't feel guilty, getting eggs from poor abused women who are not educated.”

Diana was one of the first women to conceive using an egg donor back in the 1980s at a time – she says - when there were “no regulations".

Getting around strict laws

The law has tightened up since then and there are strict rules on how IVF babies are made in the UK and other Western countries.

Under British law, any fertility clinic that wants to import or export embryos fertilised by donor eggs must obtain a special licence from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

Commercial surrogacy practices are banned in the UK – meaning it’s illegal to pay someone to carry an IVF baby for you - however, there is no law to stop British people from undertaking commercial surrogacy abroad.

The child can then be brought back to this country where they are unlikely to see their surrogate mother or egg donor again.

Inside INTERPOL's largest-ever operation against human trafficking and migrant smuggling

Previous reports have shown that women from Britain, the US and other Western countries whose ovaries can no longer produce healthy eggs are happy to pay more than £3,000 for donor eggs that could be fertilised into an embryo.

But there is a severe shortage of egg donors in the UK and the wait to receive an egg can be as long as two years.  

As a result, huge numbers of aspiring mothers are willing to go ‘freelance’ and reach out to foreign clinics through online adverts and internet chatrooms.

They hope that once the egg is fertilised and implanted back into them, they will conceive the 'miracle' baby they so desperately crave.

However, campaigners say enslaved donors are often forced to take injections to make them more fertile and are ‘hyper-stimulated’ by unregulated clinics, putting their health at risk.

They are also obliged to undergo repeated and painful ‘retrieval’ procedures, in which a needle is inserted into the vagina so the eggs can be extracted from the ovaries.

If the procedure is not performed correctly it can lead to complications, infections and even death in extreme cases.

'More valuable than gold'

Diana warns that ‘broker pimps’ are making millions from the black market as a healthy human egg – ideally extracted from a young, white European woman - is more valuable than gold.  

Close-up of a scientist performing in-vitro fertilization.
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British customers are tricked into believing that the eggs are ethically sourcedCredit: Getty

Speaking on the Inside Reproductive Health podcast, Diana said women in Ukraine, where commercial surrogacy continues despite the war with Russia, are being exploited on an industrial scale.

Donors can be paid as little as £80 for each round of eggs.

Diana said: “Records are falsified. Women are forced to sign consents.
They're pushed into doing far more retrievals than you would.

"One woman did 24 egg retrievals to make an estimated 600 eggs, according to the reports of the whistleblower.

"That donor was paid $100 per donation where the other parties including the criminals - but also including the clinics and egg banks - made a lot more money than that.

“The broker pimps that bring them in and the doctors that retrieved the eggs are making $7,500 per cohort of six. And I know that - I've got emails from people offering me those prices.

“So they're making $600,000 right there. And the doctors in this country and the UK and Canada are making $20,000 off a single board of eggs.”

Illegal procedures

The latest trafficking scandal emerged last month when three rescued Thai women spoke out about the ordeal they suffered on a human egg farm in Georgia, which borders Russia.

Speaking at a press conference, their faces hidden behind immaculate surgical masks and bright blue baseball caps, the women said they were enslaved after responding to a Facebook advert offering surrogacy jobs with a potential income of 600,000 Thai baht, equivalent to £14,000.

They travelled to Georgia through Dubai and Armenia.

But once they arrived in the former Soviet republic, they were detained, their passports were confiscated and they were informed they would be undergoing monthly egg retrievals, or else.

A woman in a yellow jacket sits across from a person in a blue protective suit; several others are in the background.
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The women told reporters how they were held captive by a Chinese organised crime gangCredit: Thai PBS World
Mediterranean Fertility Institute in Crete street view.
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Eight members of staff at the Mediterranean Fertility Institute in Crete were arrested following accusations of human trafficking in 2023

The illegal procedures were carried out without the proper medical protocols or supervision, exposing them to infections.

Those who refused were ordered to pay a ransom of up to 70,000 Thai baht (£1,700) to secure their release, it was claimed.

One victim, identified only as Na (not her real name), said many of the women she met at the fertility farm were in poor health and that as many as 100 egg donors were being held captive across four ramshackle houses.

She only managed to escape when her family transferred the ransom money, which the Chinese gang insisted was for ‘travel expenses.’

Na alerted the Pavena Foundation for Children and Women in Thailand on September 27 last year as she sought help for the other women still trapped in Georgia.

The Thai police and authorities in Georgia – where surrogacy rules are more lax - are now investigating the human trafficking ring and four foreign nationals have been questioned as part of the inquiry.

Real-life Handmaid's Tale

The case is reminiscent of the fictional plot of the 2017 TV series, The Handmaid's Tale - based on Margaret Atwood's novel, in which fertile women living in a dystopian future are held in childbearing captivity.  

However, in real life, unethical egg harvesting rings have also been exposed all over the world including in Nigeria, where women are paid as little as £100 per donation.

How to spot modern day slavery victims

MODERN slavery and exploitation can often be hard to spot as victims are often too scared to speak up. These are the some signs according to charity Unseen that may indicate someone is being exploited.

  • Often victims aren't allowed to travel on their own.
  • They may seem unfamiliar with where they live or work, and tend not to interact with other people.
  • They don't have documents they need to travel such as passports or ID.
  • Always wearing the same clothes or same few items.
  • Few personal possessions.
  • Avoiding eye contact.
  • Appearing frightened, or hesitant to talk to strangers.
  • Fear of law enforcers.
  • They’re always be dropped off at/ collected from work; and very early in the morning or late at night.
  • Signs of physical or psychological abuse, such as untreated injuries, anxiety, agitation, or appearing to be withdrawn and neglected.
  • They look malnourished or unkempt.
  • Working and living at the same address

In March 2024, a court in Thailand sentenced a Chinese businessman and three accomplices to 50 years in prison after they were convicted of operating a transnational surrogacy ring that paid Thai women to serve as surrogate mothers.

The scandal has also reached Europe. In August 2023, all eight members of staff at the Mediterranean Fertility Institute in Crete were arrested following accusations of human trafficking.

The employees were accused of forcing 169 women, mostly from low-income European countries, to be egg donors and surrogates by imprisoning them in 'safe houses'.

Altruistic surrogacy is legal in Greece, but the employees were charging intended parents – many of whom were living in Australia - up to £103,807 a time whilst arranging illegal adoptions and false medical certificates.

Suzi Leather of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has called human egg harvesting a "profoundly exploitative and unethical trade".

She previously told a newspaper: “The market in baby making is now global and these problems have to be tackled internationally.

"This compelling testimony shows the nasty underside of a global market in baby making and should act as a wake-up call.”

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